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OUTIANE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I
RESEARCH REFERENCES XIII
TABLE OF CASES XVII
Introduction 1
PART I. PATENTS
Chapter 1. The Foundations of Patent
Protection 4
Sec.
1.1 Origins and Development of United States
Patent Law 4
1.2 Patent Basics 10
1.3 The Two Theories of Patent Protection--- 16
Chapter 2. The Subject Matter of Patents 20
2.1 Ideas v. Applications 20
2.2 The Statutory Scheme 21
2.3 Processes as Subject Matter Apart From
Products 25
2.4 The Boundaries of the Three Product
Categories 28
2.5 Compositions of Matter 29
2.6 Manufacture 30
2.7 Machines 31
2.8 Computer-Related Patents 32
2.9 Orphan Drug Act 35
OUTLINE
Sec.
2.10 Plant and Design Patents 36
Chapter 3. Patentability--Novelty and
Statutory Bar 40
3.1 Overview 40
3.2 Foreign Anticipation 44
3.3 Domestic Anticipation 45
3.4 References to Prior Publications 47
3.5 Substantial and Realized Anticipation 50
3.6 Statutory Bar 53
3.7 The Policies of Statutory Bar 55
3.8 Publicity and Limited Disclosures 57
3.9 Competing Claims to Novelty by Two or
More Inventors---Priority 61
Chapter 4. Patentability--Utility 67
4.1 Qualitative Utility 67
4.2 Presumed Utility 68
Chapter& Patentability--Nonobviousness 71
5.1 Overview 71
5.2 Invention and Nonobviousness 75
5.3 Negative Rules of Invention 78
5.4 The Statutory Test 81
5.5 Nonobviousness and Novelty 86
5.6 The Secondary Considerations 87
5.7 The Importation of Section 102 Prior Art
into Section 103 92
Chapter 6. Double-Patenting 97
6.1 Attempts to Extend the Patent Monopoly 97
6.2 Terminal Disclaimer 99
OUTLINE
Chapter 7. The Patenting Process 101
Sec.
7.1 Overview I01
7.11 Provisional Patent Applications 102
7.2 The Patentee 103
7.3 Joint Invention 104
7.4 Prosecuting a Patent Application 107
7.5 The Specifications and Claims 110
7.6 The Limits of Agency Discretion 113
7.7 Claims Drafting 115
7.8 The Duty of Candor 118
7.81 Publication of Patent Applications 121
7.9 Reissue and ReexAmination 122
7.10 Judicial Review 124
Chapter 8. Infringement 128
8.1 Overview 128
8.2 File Wrapper Estoppe] 129
8.3 Claim Interpretation--Differentiation,
Literality, and Equivalence 130
8.4 The Patent Rights 133
8.5 Direct, Indirect, and Contributory Infringe-
ment 134
8.6 Repair and Reconstruction 139
8.7 Infringement DefensesMisuse 141
8.8 Prior User Defense 144
Chapter 9. Remedies 146
9.1 Overview 146
9.2 Injunctive Relief 147
9.3 Damages 147
9.4 Attorneys' Fees 148
9.5 Eleventh Amendment Immunity 146
OUTLINE

Chapter 10. Patent Law and the Intersec-
tion of State and Federal Regulation 150
Sec.
10.1 Overview 150
PART II. TRADEMARKS
Chapter 11. The Foundations of Trad-
mark Protection 154
11.1 Origins and Development of Trademark
Law 154
11.2 Common Law Trademark 157
11.3 Federal Registration 160
Chapter 12. Distinctiveness 164
12.1 Overview 164
12.2 Different Markets 165
12.3 Prior Use 167
12.4 Secondary Meaning and Descriptiveness-- 171
12.5 The Bars Against Surnames, Geographic
Marks, and Immoral Marks 179
12.6 The Supplemental Register 186
Chapter 13. Dilution and the Expansion
of Trademark Doctrine 188
13.1 Overview 188
13.2 Trademarks and Goodwill 189
13.3 Likelihood of Expansion 192
13.4 The Interests Protected 196
13.5 State Antidilution Statutes 199
13.6 The Federal Antidilution Statute 200
Chapter 14. Loss of Trademark Protec-
tion and Partial Protection 201
14.1 Partial Rights 201
OUTLINE
Sec.
14.2 The Rights of a Senior Registrant Against
a Preregistration User 205
14.3 The Rights of a Junior Registrant Against
a Preregistration User 206
14.4 Concurrent Registration 208
14.5 Abandonment 213
14.6 Incontestability 217
Chapter 15. Trademark Practice 224
15.1 Overview 224
15.2 First Use in Commerce 228
15.3 Standing 237
Chapter 16. Subject Matter 239
16.1 Overview 239
16.2 Certification Marks 240
16.3 Collective Marks 244
16.4 Service Marks 246
16.5 Primary Purpose 248
16.6 The Functional Bar 251
16.7 Color 254
16.8 Section 43 255
Chapter 17. Infringement 260
17.1 Overview 260
17.2 Similarity of Marks 262
17.3 Similarity of Goods or Services 264
17.4 Character and Similarity of Markets 267
17.5 Subsidiary Evidence of Likelihood of Con-
fusion 272
17.6 DefensesFair and Collateral Use 275
17.7 Gray Market Goods 278
17.8 Eleventh Amendment Immunity 279
OUTLINE
Chapter 18. Remedies 280
Sec.
18.1 Overview 280
18.2 Injunctive Relief 280
18.3 Accounting 281
18.4 Damages 283
18.5 Attorneys' Fees 283
PART IH. COPYRIGHT
Chapter 19. Foundations of Copyright
Protection 285
19.1 Origins and Development of Copyright
Law 285
i9.2 The Copyright Acts 288
19.3 The Common Law-Statutory Copyright
Distinction and the 1976 Act 290
19.4 Copyright Basics 292
Chapter 20. The Subject Matter of Copy-
right 295
20.1 Originality 295
20.2 Copyrightable Works 300
20.3 Noncopyrightable Works 306
20.4 Writings and Fixation 307
20.5 Computer Programs 310
20.6 Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 314
20.7 Sound Recordings 315
20.8 Copyright Formalities---Registration and
Notice 321
Chapter 21. Exclusive Rights 323
21.1 Introduction 323
OUTLINE
Sec.
21.2 Reproduction 324
21.3 Derivative Works 325
21.4 Distribution 327
21.5 Performance 330
21.6 Display 336
21.7 Digital Transmission Performance 337
21.8 Other Rights in Advanced and Digital
Technologies 338
Chapter 22. Infringement 340
22.1 Overview 340
22.2 Proof of Infringement 342
22.3 Infringement of Musical Works 346
22.4 Infringement of Literary Works 349
Chapter 23. Fair Use 354
23.1 Overview 354
23.2 The Dynamics of Fair Use 355
23.3 Purpose and Character of the Use 358
23.4 Nature of the Work 360
23.5 The Proportional Amount and Substance
ofthe Use 363
23.6 The Effect on the Original Author's
Economic Market 366
23.7 Parody, Burlesque, and Satire 367
23.8 Fair Use and Free Speech 369
23.9 Photocopying 371
23.10 The Functional-Equivalents or Transfor-
mative-Use Test = 373
Chapter 24. Ownership 376
24.1 The Copyright and the Material Object--- 376
24,2 Multiple Claims to Authorship 377
OUTLINE
Sec.
24.3 The Rights of Coauthors 383
24.4 Duration of Ownership 384
24.5 Termination of Transfers 386
24.6 Works for Hire 391
24.7 Preexisting Works 394
Chapter 25. Formal Requirements 399
25.1 Registration 399
25.2 Notice 404
Chapter 26. Remedies 407
26.1 Injunctive Relief 407
26.2 Damages and Profits 408
26.3 Impoundment 411
26.4 Criminal Penalties 412
26.5 Attorneys' Fees and Costs 413
26.6 Eleventh Amendment Immunity 414
Chapter 27. Copyright Laws and the In-
tersection of State and Federal Regu-
lation 415
27.1 Preemption 415
27.2 State Remedies 420
27.3 Other Federal Remedies 424
27.4 Moral Rights and the Berne Convention-- 425
Chapter 28. International Agreements--- 430
28.1 Overview 430
28.2 National Treatment and Minimum
Standards 431
28.3 Non-Self-Executing Force and Reserva-
tions 432
28.4 Copyright Treaties 433
OUTLINE
Sec.
28.5 Patent Treaties 434
28.6 Trademark Treaties 435
28.7 GATT, NAFTA, and TRIPS 436
28.8 Special Section 301 437
INDEX 439
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