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FOREWORD…………………………………………… V
TABLE OF CASZS．．．．．．．．．．．．．．XIX
Introduction： Constitutional Principle8……… 1
PART ONE．THE ALT．OCATIoN oF
POWERS
Chapter I-Judicial Review and Its
Liraits……………………………………… 5
A．Foundations ofJudicis／Review…………… 5
1．Review 0f Federal A．ctions……………… 6
2．Review 0fState Actions………………… 9
B．Foundations of Federal JuI．isdiction……… 10
1．The Constitutional Basis 0f Federal
Jurisdiction……………………………… lO
2．Bases 0f Supreme Court Jurisdiction… 12
3．Statutory Fornls 0f Review……………… 15
C．Constitutional and Policy Limitations on
Judici￡Ll Review……………………………16
1．ConstitutiOnaLl Limitations…………… 17
a． The Bar 0f the E1eventh Amend．
ment………………………………… 17
b．The“Case or Controversy’’Require．
ment………………………………… 24
2．POliCV Limitations………………………… 26
D．SDecific Doctrines Limiting Judicial
Review……………………………………… 28
1．Wh0 Mav Litigate?--The Problem 0f
Standing………………………………… 28
a．Constitution￡Ll Requirements for
Standing…………………………… 28
b．Federal Taxpayer Standing…………44
c． Citizen Standing……………………… 47
d．Third Party Standing………………… 48
2．When Can Constitutional Litigation Be
Brought?The Problem Of Timing…… 51
a．Rule Against M00tHess……………… 51
b．Ripeness， Prematurity， and
Abstractness………………………… 55
3．What Can Be Litigated?The P0litical
Question D0ctrine……………………… 58
Chapter II． National Legislative Powers 65
A． ScoDe 0f Confiressional Power……………… 65
B． The Commerce P0wer……………………… 68
1．Establishing．the F0undations………… 68
2．Using the C0mmerce C1ause for P0lice
Power Ends……………………………… 70
3．The Stream of Commerce……………… 73
4．The Affectation Doctrine………………… 74
C． The Taxing P0wer…………………………… 83
D．The Spending POwer………………………… 84
E．Intergovernmenta】Immunitie8…………… 88
Chapter III．State Power in American —
Federalism………………………………101
A． State Power t0 Regulate Commerce……… 104
1．The Nature of the Power………………104
2．The Subject of the Regulation： The
COOley DOCtrine…………………………105
3．The M0dern Approach：The Balancing
0f Interests……………………………107
a．Discrimination： Purpose， Means．
Effects………………………………108
b．Undue Burdens-Ad HOC Balancing 120
4．State as M：arket PaIrticipant……………124
5．Interstate Privileges and Immunities… 127
B．When Congress Speaks………………………132
1．Preemption…………………………………133
2．Le百timization……………………………134
Chapter IV． Congress alld the Executive
Power………………………………………136
A．The‘Domestic Arena…………………………139
1．Executive Lawmaking……………………139
2．Executive Impouildment…………………14l
3．DelegatiOil，the Legslative Vet0， and
the Liile Item Vet0……………………143
4．Appointment and Removal………………151
5．Separation 0f Powers Generally……… 155
B．The Foreign Arena…………………………156
1．Allocating the Foreign Relations Power 157
2．Treaties and Executive Agreements……159
3．A110cating the War Power……………… 162
C．Promoting Executive Responsibility……… 164
1．Executive Privilege……………………… 164
2．Executive Immunity…………………166
PART TWo． INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND
LIBERTIES
ChaDter V．Due Proce$8 of Law…………176
A．The Process Of Incorporation……………… 176
B．Substantive Due Process……………………179
1．Traditional Substantive Due Process…179
a． The Early Rise and Demise 0f
Economie Due Process……………180
b．Economic Regulation： Substantive
Due Process T0day…………………185
c．The Taklngs Alternative……………187
2．Substantive Due Process Revisited：
Fundamental Personal Rights………195
a．In General………………………………195
b．Contraception． Abortion and
S0domy……………………………200
c．Marital and FamililialRights………219
d．Right t0 Care and Protection………226
e．The Right to Refuse Treatment……229
￡No Right t0 Assisted Suicide………231
g．Other Fundamental Rights…………233
C．ProceduraI Due Process……………………234
1．Life。Libertyand Property Interest8…235
a．Property Interests……………………236
b．Liberty Interests………………………238
2．The Process That Is Due…………………243
ChaDter VI． Equal Protection……………252
A．Traditional EquaLl Protection………………254
B．The New EquaLl Protection…………………262
1．C1assifying Traits………………………262
a．Race and Ethnic Origins…………269
b·AIienage：The“Sometimes Suspect’’
Classmcation………………………293
c．Gender C1assification：Intermediate
Re、，iew………………………………296
d．Illegitimacy C1assi6cation：Interme．
diate Review…………………………310
e． Discrimination on the Basis 0f
Sexu￡Ll Preference………………313
f.Other Bases 0f ClaSSmcation………316
2．Fundamental Riight8………………………318
a．Interstate Travel……………………319
b．Marriage and Family Life……………324
c．Voting…………………………………325
d．Access t0 Justice………………………335
e．The Limit8 0f Fundamental Rights 341
Chapter VII．Freedom of Expression……347
A．The Basic DOctrine……………………………347
1．The RatiOnaLle 0f Speech Protection…… 347
2．A D0ctrinal 0verview……………………350
a．Content Control v．Indirect Burdens 350
b．Vagueness and Overbreadth…………356
c．The DOCtrine of Prior Restrajnt……359
3．The Clear and Present Danger DOCtrine 364
4．Symbolic Conduct…………………………369
5．Freedom ofAssociation and Belief……377
a．The Source 0f the Right……………377
b．Membership and AssociationaLl
Action…………………………………378
c． Group Regstration and Disclosure…383
d．Public Benefits and Government
Employment…………………………385
e． The Right NOt t0 AsSOciate-Com．
pelled Speech………………………389
B．The Doctrine Applied…………………………399
1．Expression in the Local Forum………… 399
a． C0ntrolling SDeech Content： Incit．
ing Proyocative and OfiellSive
Language……………………………400
b．Access to Public Propertv The
Public Forum……………………… 410
c．Access to Private Property……422
d．Licensing，Permits and Injunctions． 426
2．COmmerciaLl Speech．………………………430
a．From VaZentineto VirginaPharma．
cv……………………………………430
b．TheAdvent 0f the CentraZ Hudson
Test……………………………………432
c．Lawyer Advertising…………………442
3．Defamation and Privacy…………………446
a．Rise 0f the Public Law 0f Defama．
tiOn……………………………………446
b．The Modern PubliIc Law 0f Defama．
tion……………………………………448
c． Identifying the Public Figure Plain-
tiif．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．452
d．The Public Law of Privacy’…………454
4．Obscenit d Ind ………………460
5．Freedom 0f the Pre88……………………482
a．Newsgathering…………………………483
b．Public Access t0 the Media…………49l
6．Speech in the Electoral Process…………499
Chapter VIⅡ． Freedom of Religion………516
A．The Establighment C1auBe…………………517
1．Public Aid to Religion．………………．5南
2．Religionin the Sch00ls……………………531
3．Establi8hment Outside the Sch001s…… 542
B． Free Exercise 0f Religion………………… 547
Chapter IX． state Action………………… 562
A. Introductlon…………………………………… 562
B.Framing the state Action D0ctrine………563
C． Finding State ActiOn………………………… 567
1．Public Functions…………………… 568
2．Signincant Involvement／J0int Partic．
ipatiOn………-…………………………572
3．EncOUragement，Authorization and Ap．
prOVal…………………………………574
Chapter X． C0ngressional Legislation in
Aid of Civil Rights and Liberties 584
A· Sources of C0ngressional Power…………… 584
B· Enforcing the Thirteenth Amendmerlt…… 585
C· Enforcing the Fourteenth Amendment…… 588
1·Congress’Remedial P0wers…………… 588
2． C0ngress’Substantive Powers………… 589
3·Reaching Private conduct……………… 599
D．Enforcing the Fifteenth Amendment……… 601
INDEx…………………………………………………605
總計632
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